Data were collected during the 2018–2022 North‑American Avian Survey (NAAS) coordinated by the U.S. Geological Survey. Sites (n = 12 000) were sampled across a latitudinal gradient (30°–55° N). For each site, 58 environmental covariates were extracted from the PRISM climate database, the National Land Cover Database (NLCD), and the USGS DEM.
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